NR 503-MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
RATIONALES LATEST 2024 ALREADY GRADED A+
1.Types of Causation –
ANS1) Necessary-disease only occurs is disease is present
-Sufficient-Exposure always leads to disease
-Necessary BUT not sufficient: factors happen in a temporal sequence.
-Sufficient BUT not necessary: A specific factor can cause a disease process, but
other factors can cause the same disease.
-Neither sufficient NOR necessary: Specific factor can becombined with other
factors to produce a disease
2. ways to establish causation –
ANS- Temporal relationship-associated factor must be present before the disease
Strength of association-The stronger the relationship, the more likely it is casual
-Dose-response relationship-dose increases, so does the risk of development of the
disease
-replication of findings-findings can be found repeated in other studies
-Biological plausibility-current knowledge on the factor or exposure and the
response of the human body on the cellular level is consistent with the findings
3. Absolute Risk –
ANS-Incidence of a disease in a population
4. Active Surveillance –
ANS-Case by case basis
Each specific person's information is entered into a database.
5. Aggregate –
ANS-defined population
6. Analytic Study Methods –
ANS-Consists of observational and experimental
Case control and cohort
7.Attributable risk –
ANS-how much of the risk (incidence) of the disease we hope to prevent if able to
eliminate exposure to the agent in question
8.Best way to establish causation –
ANS-Observation of hu